生产要素优化组合是生态经济沟建设的基础保证——西陵山区生态经济沟建设剖析

发源于太行深处邢台县的生态经济沟建设,已给山村带来了多重变化,包括资源开发的变化,产业结构的变化,观念意识的变化。发展变化的实质是利用好生产要素的组合效应,优化产业结构,利用生物,工程措施,合理配置农,林、牧、副、菜及围绕大农业的加工业,实施生产要素的合理组装,使其发挥最佳效益。通过组合效应各种模式比较,发展生产力,使人与自然的关系在更新、更高的层次上走向协调。从生产要素的优化组合看西陵山村生态经济沟的建设,明显的启示是,要因地制宜、立足特点,选好生长点与突破口,抓好组装.实施良性运转。     

岩溶地区公路修建对景观物种流的影响研究

通过对湖南岩溶地区公路旁边的植被进行调查，以景观生态学原理为基础，对各样方的物种组成、物种多样性以及物种相似性进行分析比较，定量地研究岩溶地区公路修建对景观物种流的影响。结果表明，岩溶地区公路修建对景观物种流既有正面影响也有负面影响。由于公路建设对地表植被和土壤的大量破坏，使景观要素发生变化，致使景观斑块的比例结构发生变化，朝着多优势度的方向发展，从而有利于物种的流动；同时，公路作为大型构筑物，其在景观相邻组分之间增加了一道屏障，也起着阻碍物种流动的作用。     

珍贵野生蔬菜蒲公英的有效成分与药理作用

蒲公英中含有胡萝卡素类、三萜类、植物甾醇类、倍半萜内酯类、香豆素类、黄酮类、酚酸类物质；药理研究证明蒲公英具有抑菌、抗内毒素、健胃、利胆、通乳和抗肿瘤等作用。     

Water absorption of boron-treated and heat-modified wood

Heat treatments change the chemical and physical properties of wood and dimensional stability and hygroscopicity are affected as a result of modifications of wood cell components. This study evaluated the water absorption of wood specimens treated with boron compounds followed by heat treatment. Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) sapwood specimens treated with either boric acid (BA) or disodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT) solutions were heat-modified at either 180° or 220°C for 2 or 4 h. Carbohydrate composition and water absorption of the specimens were then measured and compared with those of untreated and unheated specimens. Wood carbohydrates were significantly degraded in the specimens after heat treatment. The heat treatment evidently decreased the water absorption and the heat-modified specimens absorbed less water than unheated specimens. The higher the treatment temperature and the longer the treatment time, the lower the amount of absorbed water. The boron-treated and heat-modified specimens, however, showed increased water absorption due to the hygroscopic properties of BA and DOT.     

人为干扰对额济纳胡杨林群落组成及更新的影响

额济纳绿洲是我国西北干旱地区的一道强大的生态防线。但由于水资源匮乏和人为干扰影响,绿洲中胡杨林已严重退化。我们认为人为干扰会对胡杨群落的组成和更新造成影响。应用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA),从人为干扰角度对额济纳不同地区胡杨群落进行了分类和排序。结果表明:人为干扰会影响群落林下物种多样性和根孽幼苗生长情况;林下物种多样性主要受旅游干扰影响,并与总干扰强度的关系遵循"中度干扰假说";根孽幼苗生长情况与放牧干扰呈负相关,当根孽幼苗数多的时候,一定程度上能够抵御外界干扰对其生长状况的影响;适度的人为干扰可以增加物种多样性,但要保证胡杨林的繁殖更新,需要以消除放牧干扰影响为前提。     

Effects of disturbance on regeneration of Abies fabri forests at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River

Mudflow is the principal disturbance in Abies fabri forests. In the Gongga Mountain areas of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the intensities and periodicity of different scale mudflows vary. Small-scale mudflows are more frequent, occurring every one or two years while large-scale mudflows may occur once in more than one hundred years. Through a field study of A. fabri forests during different stages of growth, we analyzed their structural characteristics and discovered that after different sizes of mud-flow, poplar and birch often occupy the dominant canopy at the expense of the slow growing A. fabri, for only a small number of saplings are A. fabri that occurs in the first regeneration stage. However, a large number of seed resources can be found in mature A. fabri forests and as a unique regeneration species, A. fabri will gradually replace all the other species and form a stable community of strong shade-tolerant trees. Because of the intimate relationship between growing conditions and soil and water conservation at the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, we should carry out some artificial measurements to control and promote the slow regeneration process of A. fabri.     

Effects of white-tailed deer on vegetation structure and woody seedling composition in three forest types on the Piedmont Plateau

White-tailed deer (Ododcoileus virginiana) can substantially affect the structure and species composition of a forest. The tolerance of a forest community to browsing may vary by type as a result of varying biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. To date, no studies have compared the effects of browsing among forest communities within a physiographic region. We investigated the effects of browsing on vegetation structure and woody seedling composition in three forest types (oak–hickory, Virginia pine–eastern red cedar, bottomland hardwood) in Manassas National Battlefield Park (MNBP), Virginia, USA. We compared forb cover, vertical plant cover (0–1.5 m tall), and survival of tagged seedlings in 10 exclosed (2 m × 6 m) and 10 unexclosed plots in each forest type during a 5-year period. No differential effects of browsing were found among forest types. In all forest types, deer (67 deer/km²) suppressed forb and vertical plant cover to levels less than would be expected in the absence of deer. Seedling survival rates of most species were significantly reduced by browsing. By the 4th year of the study, box elder (Acer negundo), hickory (Carya spp.), and red maple (Acer rubrum) had been eliminated from unexclosed plots, and red and white oaks (Quercus spp.) dramatically reduced. Ash (Fraxinus spp.), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), although significantly impacted, remained the most abundant species throughout the study. These findings suggest that white-tailed deer may be modifying the structure of the forest interior to the extent that it adversely affects wildlife species dependent on a dense understory to thrive. We predict that the future composition of forests in MNBP will shift towards stands with fewer species and a greater dominance of ash, black cherry, and hackberry, particularly in the oak–hickory and bottomland hardwood forests, where the majority of current dominants are most affected.     

肉桂油的成分研究

肉桂油在世界上享有盛名,产量占世界总产量的80％。作者用GC/MS联用仪对我国广东、广西、福建三省(区)的肉桂叶油和肉桂皮油进行了定性与定量分析。鉴定出广东肉桂叶油13个组分;广东肉桂皮油11个组分;广西肉桂叶油14个组分;广西肉桂皮油12个组分;福建肉桂叶油12个组分,结果表明五种肉桂油的化学组成基本相同,均以反式肉桂醛为主要成分,其含量分别为81.0,84.1,54.6,73.2和73.6％。     

火棘种子油理化特性研究初报

陕西杨凌人工栽植的火棘，种子含油率为１３．７８％，种子油的酸值，碘值及皂化值分别为３．５、１４５．３，１８９．３，所含的６种脂肪酸及其比率为软脂酸１３．１５５％。硬脂酸０．８２１％，油酸１１．９７０％，亚油酸７２．７１９％，亚麻酸１．０８８％，芥酸０．１６６％，火棘种子油中的脂肪酸种类和组成与名贵的食用营养油－红花籽油相近，其突出特点在于亚油酸含量极高，很有开发利用前景。     

Liquefaction and product identification of main chemical compositions of wood in phenol

To clarify liquefaction ratios and their construction variations of the main chemical compositions of wood in phenol using phosphoric acid as a catalyst, the chemical ingredients of wood such as holocellulose, cellulose and lignin, were measured and extracted according to GB methods. With Fourier transform infrared （FTIR）, the product identification of reactant before and after liquefaction in phenol was investigated. The molecular weights and their distributions of the liquefaction results （acetone soluble parts） were studied by gel permeation chromatography （GPC）. Results show that the molecular weights and their distributions of poplar and Chinese fir are almost the same. In poplar, the distribution of cellulose is the largest, and that ofholocellulose the smallest after liquefaction. For Chinese fir, the distribution of holocellulose is the largest, and that of cellulose the smallest. After liquefaction of poplar cellulose, the change bands of FTIR spectrum observed below 1 600 cm^-1, can be attributed to new substitute groups. The same is true for poplar lignin. For Chinese fir, the spectra of liquefaction results of all chemical compositions differ from that of wood meal. This reveals the more activity groups were produced because of the reactions between Chinese fir and phenol. The research shows that the liquefaction ratios of poplar decrease in the following order： holocellulose 〉 lignin 〉 cellulose, and those of Chinese fir in the order： lignin 〉 cellulose 〉 holocellulose.